Download Ebook The Origins of Turbojet Revolution (Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology), by Professor Edward Constant II
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The Origins of Turbojet Revolution (Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology), by Professor Edward Constant II
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- Sales Rank: #157671 in Books
- Published on: 1980-11-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.84" h x .59" w x 7.87" l,
- Binding: Hardcover
- 327 pages
Most helpful customer reviews
3 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
The gas turbine has proven to be more revolutionary
By James Hoogerwerf
Jet engines seem simple in concept and modern in practice. Like other technologies they have been readily accomodated into our lifestyle. Constant effectively demonstrates the turbojet was not the inevitable result of prior systems but rather the culmination of a process of technological change, which required the "prior successful co-evolution of piston aero-engines and streamlined airframes."(241). The turbine, from which the turbojet evoloved, has a long history going back centuries from water turbines, to turbine pumps, steam turbines, turbo-air compressors, internal combustion gas turbines and the turbo supercharger.
This process, according to Constant, can be represented by, what he terms, a "presumptive anomaly." In his model an individual or a group of individuals assume that a conventional technology will sooner or later fail and eventually be superceded by a superior system. Usually the insight and determination for this change comes from outside the established community and is the result of a vision of the future, not the dream of the past.
The four men responsible for the turbojet are Frank Wittle in England and Hans von Ohain, Herbert Wagner, and Helmut Schelp in Germany. None of them were a part of an established engine manufacturing company, but all were aware of advancing aerodynamic technology. Each independently deduced the new performance parameters required for the turbojet. Constant cautions that, while their work was revolutionary, they worked within the norms of a Western technological culture. In other words they had to prove that their technology was in fact superior and practical. In Constant's model a "new normal technology" in aeronautics was established in 1939 when England and Germany firmly committed to develop the turbojet engine.
A tradition for technological testing was also essential in the evolution of turbine power. Constant emphasizes its importance as "clearly critical, for without it, idealized scientific theory, however correct, could have only limited impact on the design of real world systems."(56 ) The ability to measure the efficiency of turbines permitted the advancement of the most efficient designs and, in the case of the turbojet, a means to measure its effectiveness against the prevailing piston technology.
At the time of his writing, Constant's focus on turbojet power (with the revolutionary SST and Concord in mind) seems to hold up well enough, but subsequent developments weaken his argument. The turbojet has not become the new normal technology. By shear numbers and the diversity of applications, the internal combustion gas turbine has arguably proven to be more revolutionary. Compared to the raw thrust of a turbojet engine, in a turbine engine most of the power is extracted from the gas flow as shaft output prior to it being exhausted out the tail pipe. This energy is then used to power not only aircraft, but also ships and tanks. Even experimental turbine powered automobiles were tested on American highways in the early 1960s. The distinction may be at first glance appear to be slight, but turbojet engines have had only a limited application in high performance military aircraft. The gas turbine is more widely used and more fuel efficient for general applications.
Constant does a credible job of tracing the development of turbines through the turbojet. While his "presumptive anomaly" model may have applications to particular historical analyses similar to turbine development, it is too specifically focused to be of general use.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
A true instight into technological advance
By Mr. Philip G. Pugh
This is an excellent and authoritative account of a true revolution in technology. It should be read alongside Vincenti's account ('What engineers know and how they know it') of lesser and purely evolutionary developments in engineering. Constant demonstrates how revolutionary change demands the application of science by individuals of outstanding mind, insight and persistence -a stark contrast to evolutionary development, reducible to a corporate process,as described by Vincenti.
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